Sulfur forms manganese sulfide inclusions with manganese and iron in the steel. These inclusions can interrupt the continuity of the base metal and promote chip breaking to form a small and short crimp radius during cutting, which is easy to eliminate, decrease tool wear, reduce the roughness of the machined surface and improve tool life. Generally, the mechinability of steel improves with the increase of sulfur contents in the steel. However, there are obvious differences between vertical and transverse mechanical properties of steel. The transverse plasticity and toughness are poor, its fatigue and corrosion resistance properties are also reduced. When the sulfur content in the steel is too high, it will cause brittleness, which will result difficulties in the hot working of the steel and the deteriorate the mechanical properties of steel. The content of sulfur is usually 0.08%
Sulfur forms manganese sulfide inclusions with manganese and iron in the steel. These inclusions can interrupt the continuity of the base metal and promote chip breaking to form a small and short crimp radius during cutting, which is easy to eliminate, decrease tool wear, reduce the roughness of the machined surface and improve tool life. Generally, the mechinability of steel improves with the increase of sulfur contents in the steel. However, there are obvious differences between vertical and transverse mechanical properties of steel. The transverse plasticity and toughness are poor, its fatigue and corrosion resistance properties are also reduced. When the sulfur content in the steel is too high, it will cause brittleness, which will result difficulties in the hot working of the steel and the deteriorate the mechanical properties of steel. The content of sulfur is usually 0.08%～0.03% and some can be increased to 0.4%. The content of sulfur in free machining tool steel and stainless steel should be between 0.06%～0.10%.
In most cases, phosphorus and sulfur are compounded into steel, the phosphorus content is 0.04%～0.12%, the solid dissolution of phosphorus in ferrite will increase the strength and hardness, reduce the toughness and make chips easy to remove and break, so as to obtain a good machined surface toughness. However, too high phosphorus content will significantly reduce the plasticity and increase the hardness， which will adversely affect the machinability of steel.
| High-sulfur carbon steel | ||||||||||||||
| Chemical Composition | Mechanical Properties | |||||||||||||
| SAE | AISI | UNS Digital System | C | Si | Mn | P,≤ | S, ≤ | ASTM Standard Number | SIZE /mm | State | T.S. /Mpa | Y.S. /Mpa | EL/% (L0=50mm) | Hardness HBS |
| 1108 | 1108 | G11080 | 0.08～0.13 | a | 0.50～0.80 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | Φ20～30 | Hot rolling Cold stretching | ≥345 ≥386 | ≥186 ≥324 | ≥30 ≥20 | ≥101 ≥121 |
| 1109 | 1109 | G11090 | 0.08～0.13 | a | 0.60～0.90 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | Φ20～30 | Hot rolling Cold stretching | ≥345 ≥386 | ≥186 ≥324 | ≥30 ≥20 | ≥101 ≥121 |
| 1117 | 1117 | G11170 | 0.14～0.20 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.00～1.30 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | A311(Class A) - | 20 ＞20～30 ＞30～50 ＞50～75 Φ25.4 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Hot rolling Normalizing(899℃,1650℉) Annealing(857℃,1575℉) WQ+T(204℃,400℉) WQ+T(316℃,600℉) OQ+T(204℃,400℉) OQ+T(316℃,600℉) | ≥520 ≥485 ≥450 ≥415 487 467 430 945 903 696 669 | ≥520 ≥485 ≥450 ≥415 305 303 279 690 669 496 476 | ≥15 ≥15 ≥13 ≥12 33.0 33.5 32.8 10 15 24 26 | - - - - 143 137 121 61(HRC) 57(HRC) 58(HRC) 55(HRC) |
| 1118 | 1118 | G11180 | 0.14～0.20 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.30～1.60 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | 15.9～22.2 ＞22.2～32 ＞32～51 ＞51～76 15.9～22.2 ＞22.2～32 ＞32～51 ＞51～76 Φ25.4 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Hot rolling Normalizing(927℃,1700℉) Annealing(788℃,1450℉) | ≥517 ≥483 ≥448 ≥414 ≥483 ≥448 ≥414 ≥379 521 478 450 | ≥448 ≥414 ≥379 ≥345 ≥345 ≥345 ≥345 ≥310 316 319 285 | ≥15 ≥15 ≥13 ≥12 ≥18 ≥16 ≥15 ≥15 32.0 33.5 34.5 | ≥149 ≥143 ≥131 ≥121 ≥143 ≥131 ≥121 ≥111 149 143 131 |
| 1137 | 1137 | G11370 | 0.32～0.39 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | A311(Class A) | 20 ＞20～30 ≥30～50 ＞50～70 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching | ≥655 ≥620 ≥585 ≥550 | ≥620 ≥585 ≥550 ≥520 | ≥11 ≥11 ≥10 ≥10 | - - - - |
| 1137 | 1137 | G11370 | 0.32～0.39 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | Φ25.4 | Hot rolling Normalizing(899℃,1650℉) Annealing(816℃,1500℉)WQ+T(204℃,400℉) WQ+T(316℃,600℉) WQ+T(427℃,800℉) WQ+T(538℃,1000℉) WQ+T(649℃,1200℉) OQ+T(204℃,400℉) OQ+T(316℃,600℉) OQ+T(427℃,800℉) OQ+T(538℃,1000℉) OQ+T(649℃,1200℉) | 676 707 598 1496 1372 1103 827648 1083 986 876 758 655 | 359 405 353 1165 1124 986 724 531 938 841 731 667 483 | 22.0 22.7 25.5 5 9 14 19 25 5 10 15 24 28 | 192 201 163 415 375 311 262 187 352 285 262 229 197 |
| 1140 | 1140 | G11400 | 0.37～0.44 | a,b,c,d,e | 0.70～1.00 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | Φ20～30 Φ20～30 | Hot rolling Cold rolling | ≥545 ≥607 | ≥296 ≥510 | ≥16 ≥12 | ≥156 ≥170 |
| 1141 | 1141 | G11410 | 0.37～0.45 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | A311(Class A) A311(Class B) - | 20 ＞20～30 ＞30～50 ＞50～70 80～50 ＞50～75 ＞75～115 Φ25.4 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Hot rolling Normalizing(899℃,1650℉) Annealing(788℃,1450℉) | ≥655 ≥620 ≥585 ≥550 ≥795 ≥795 ≥795 703 667 585 | ≥620 ≥585 ≥550 ≥520 ≥690 ≥690 ≥690 421 400 347 | ≥11 ≥11 ≥10 ≥10 ≥8 ≥8 ≥7 21 21 24 | - - - - - -212 197 167 |
| 1141 | 1141 | G11410 | 0.37～0.45 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | Φ25.4 | OQ+T(204℃,400℉) OQ+T(316℃,600℉) OQ+T(427℃,800℉) OQ+T(538℃,1000℉) OQ+T(649℃,1200℉) | 1634 1462 1165 890 710 | 1214 1282 1034 765 593 | 6 9 12 18 23 | 461 415 335 262 217 |
| 1144 | 1144 | G11440 | 0.40～0.48 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.24～0.33 | A311(Class A) | 20 ＞20～30 ＞30～50 ≥50～70 ≥70～115 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching | ≥725 ≥690 ≥655 ≥620 ≥585 | ≥655 ≥620 ≥585 ≥550 ≥520 | ≥10 ≥10 ≥10 ≥10 ≥10 | - - - - - |
| 1144 | 1144 | G11440 | 0.40～0.48 | a,b,c,d,e | 1.35～1.65 | 0.040 | 0.24～0.33 | A311(Class B) | 730～50 750～75 75～115 Φ25.4 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Hot rolling Normalizing(899℃,1650℉) Annealing(788℃,1450℉) OQ+T(204℃,400℉) OQ+T(316℃,600℉) OQ+T(427℃,800℉) OQ+T(538℃,1000℉) OQ+T(649℃,1200℉) WQ+T(204℃,400℉) WQ+T(649℃,1200℉) | ≥795 ≥795 ≥795 703 667 585 876 869 848 807 724 2000 745 | ≥690 ≥690 ≥690 421 400 347 627 621 607 572 503 1296 627 | ≥8 ≥8 ≥7 21 21 24.8 17 17 18 20 23 5 21 | - - - 212 197 167 277 262 248 235 217 550 230 |
| 1145 1146 | 1145 1146 | G11450 G11460 | 0.42～0.49 0.42～0.49 | a,b,c,d,e | 0.70～1.00 0.70～1.00 | 0.040 | 0.04～0.07 0.08～0.13 | - | 15.9～22.2 ＞22.2～32 ＞32～51 ＞51～76 Φ20～30 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Hot rolling | ≥655 ≥621 ≥586 ≥552 ≥586 | ≥586 ≥552 ≥517 ≥483 ≥324 | ≥12 ≥11 ≥10 ≥10 ≥15 | ≥187 ≥179 ≥170 ≥163 ≥170 |
| 1151 | 1151 | G11510 | 0.48～0.55 | a,b,c,d,e | 0.70～1.00 | 0.040 | 0.08～0.13 | - | 15.9～22.2 ＞22.2～32 ＞32～51 ＞51～76 | Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching Cold stretching | ≥690 ≥655 ≥621 ≥586 | ≥621 ≥586 ≥552 ≥517 | ≥11 ≥11 ≥10 ≥10 | ≥197 ≥187 ≥179 ≥170 |
Note: a≤0.10%, b＝0.10%～0.20%, c＝0.15%～0.30%, d＝0.20%～0.40%, e＝0.30%～0.60%
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